A growing chasm between 'serious' and 'popular,' between 'high' and 'low' culture came to dominate America's expressive arts.'If there is a tragedy in this development,' Levine comments, 'it is not only that millions of Americans were now separated from exposure to such creators as Shakespeare, Beethoven, and Verdi, whom they had enjoyed in various formats for much of the nineteenth century, but also that the rigid cultural categories, once they were in place, made it so difficult for so long for so many to understand the value and importance of the popular art forms that were all around them. The same transition occurred in concert halls, opera houses, and museums. The theater, once a microcosm of America-housing both the entire spectrum of the population and the complete range of entertainment from tragedy to farce, juggling to ballet, opera to minstrelsy-now fragmented into discrete spaces catering to distinct audiences and separate genres of expressive culture. Cultural space was more sharply defined and less flexible than it had been. The United States unemployment rate is at a staggering 9.1 and people walk day in and day out of the Missouri Career Center empty-handed and feeling completely hopeless (Employment Situation Summary). By the twentieth century this cultural eclecticism and openness became increasingly rare. AB Bookmans Weekly, May 29, 1989, review of Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America, p.

In the nineteenth century Americans (in addition to whatever specific ethnic, class, and regional cultures they were part of) shared a public culture less hierarchically organized, less fragmented into relatively rigid adjectival groupings than their descendants were to experience. In this unusually wide-ranging study, spanning more than a century and covering such diverse forms of expressive culture as Shakespeare, Central Park, symphonies, jazz, art museums, the Marx Brothers, opera, and vaudeville, a leading cultural historian demonstrates how variable and dynamic cultural boundaries have been and how fragile and recent the cultural categories we have learned to accept as natural and eternal are.For most of the nineteenth century, a wide variety of expressive forms-Shakespearean drama, opera, orchestral music, painting and sculpture, as well as the writings of such authors as Dickens and Longfellow-enjoyed both high cultural status and mass popularity.

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